Tinjauan Sistematis: Tantangan Teknis dan Operasional pada Sistem Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik dalam Transisi Energi Global

Abstract

Transisi energi global mendorong transformasi sistem pembangkit tenaga listrik dari model terpusat berbasis fosil menuju konfigurasi hybrid dan terdistribusi yang mengintegrasikan sumber energi terbarukan. Meskipun upaya dekarbonisasi ini berdampak positif terhadap keberlanjutan lingkungan, integrasi cepat teknologi baru memunculkan tantangan teknis dan operasional yang kompleks, baik pada pembangkit konvensional maupun terbarukan. Jurnal ini menyajikan tinjauan sistematis terhadap permasalahan utama lintas teknologi pembangkit dengan fokus pada isu keandalan peralatan, stabilitas sistem tenaga, serta strategi operasi di tengah ketidakpastian dan fleksibilitas tinggi. Melalui analisis tematik terhadap literatur ilmiah, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi kesenjangan penelitian kritis, antara lain: (1) kurangnya model degradasi dinamis untuk pembangkit fosil yang dioperasikan secara fleksibel; (2) keterbatasan standar integrasi dan kontrol untuk pembangkit berbasis inverter pada penetrasi tinggi; serta (3) ketidakmampuan pendekatan optimasi operasional konvensional dalam mengakomodasi ketidakpastian multi-skala waktu dan batasan degradasi aset. Jurnal ini juga merumuskan arah penelitian masa depan yang holistik, mencakup pengembangan physics-informed machine learning untuk prediksi sisa umur peralatan, formulasi kerangka interoperabilitas grid-forming inverters, serta integrasi closed-loop antara peramalan, optimasi, dan kontrol adaptif berbasis Model Predictive Control dan Battery Energy Storage Systems. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa keandalan, efisiensi, dan ketahanan sistem tenaga di era transisi energi hanya dapat dicapai melalui pendekatan sistemik yang menjembatani disiplin rekayasa material, dinamika sistem tenaga, dan pengambilan keputusan cerdas.

Abstract
The global energy transition is driving the transformation of power generation systems from fossil-based centralized models to hybrid and distributed configurations that integrate renewable energy sources. Although these decarbonization efforts have a positive impact on environmental sustainability, the rapid integration of new technologies brings complex technical and operational challenges for both conventional and renewable power plants. This journal presents a systematic review of key issues across generation technologies, focusing on equipment reliability, power system stability, and operational strategies amid high uncertainty and flexibility. Through thematic analysis of scientific literature, this study identifies critical research gaps, including: (1) the lack of dynamic degradation models for flexibly operated fossil power plants; (2) limitations in integration and control standards for inverter-based power plants at high penetration; and (3) the inability of conventional operational optimization approaches to accommodate multi-time-scale uncertainties and asset degradation constraints. This journal also outlines directions for future research in a holistic manner, covering the development of physics-informed machine learning for equipment remaining life prediction, the formulation of a grid-forming inverter interoperability framework, as well as the integration of a closed-loop system between forecasting, optimization, and adaptive control based on Model Predictive Control and Battery Energy Storage Systems. These findings emphasize that the reliability, efficiency, and resilience of power systems in the energy transition era can only be achieved through a systemic approach that bridges the disciplines of materials engineering, power system dynamics, and smart decision-making.